Margeaux

** Introduction **

 * ======**__ Thesis __** : Hemingway’s varying relationships altered his personal life in many significant ways, yet his love life proved __especially__ beneficial as __sources of__ inspiration for his __numerous__ literary pieces as greatly exemplified in __//A Farewell to Arms//__.-->**(cut down)** ======
 * The various women throughout Hemingway's life inspired/influenced him/his female characters.
 * Hemingway's depiction of women was influenced/inspired by the various women in his life.

** Body **

 * ======** 1st Paragraph: ** Agnes Von Kurowsky ======
 * Background info (Born, died, etc.)
 * How the couple formed
 * Relationship/years spent with Hemingway (during WWI)
 * Life after the relationship
 * Inspiration for AFA
 * ======** 2nd Paragraph: ** Elizabeth Hadley Richardson ======
 * Background info
 * How the relationship formed (after von Kurowsky)
 * Relationship/years spent with Hemingway
 * Divorce
 * Life after divorce
 * ======** 3rd Paragraph ** : Pauline Pfeiffer ======
 * Background info
 * How the relationship formed (following divorce of Hadley)
 * Divorce
 * Life after divorce
 * ======** 4th Paragraph: ** Martha Gellhorn ======
 * Background info
 * How the relationship formed (following divorce of Pfeiffer)
 * Divorce
 * Life after divorce
 * ======** 5th Paragraph ** : Mary Welsh Monks Hemingway ======
 * Background info
 * How the relationship formed (following divorce of Gellhorn)
 * Divorce
 * Life after Divorce

**"First Real Love Interest": Agnes von Kurowsky**
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_PklogaXiG6Y/SJtZVCuhb1I/AAAAAAAAD7Y/-w__s7VV87w/s400/agnes_von_kuwowsky.jpg__
 * U.S. Red Cross nurse in northern Italy during WWI (Hemingway ambulance driver at the time)
 * Became his nurse in Milan, tended to his injuries (1918)
 * Six years older than Hemingway
 * Did not fall for Hemingway at first, but eventually formed a relationship (feelings were not deep as his)
 * complicated, complex relationship
 * Hemingway never forgot Kurowsky; was inspiration for heroine in //A Farewell to Arms//
 * Were together for five months until Hemingway left for home (Jan. 4), saw each other for the last time on Dec. 9
 * Kurowsky sent letter to Hemingway in March breaking off the relationship
 * Continued to remain devoted to the Red Cross after war; served in Romania & Haiti during 1920s; served in New York during WWII

**Wife #1: Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (1921-1927)**
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Ernest_Hadley_and_Bumby_Hemingway.jpg
 * Hemingway's first wife
 * Born November 9, 1891; died January 23, 1979
 * mother dominated her childhood
 * injured as a child in a fall from second-story window, back injury
 * graduated from Mary Institute in St. Louis attended Bryn Mawr College; mother felt she was physically and mentally delicate, and so convinced her to quit college
 * Met Hemingway in Chicago at a party held by mutual friend
 * was eight years older than Hemingway, but because of experiencing an unhappy and protected childhood due to her mother she was not as mature as most 29-year-old women
 * Married Hemingway on September 3, 1921 (in Horton Bay), afterward moved to Paris so Hemingway could pursue literary ambitions
 * Moved back to Western Hemisphere so to have child, John Hadley Nicanor (October 10, 1923)
 * nicknamed "Bumby" as child, "Jack" when adult
 * Returned to Paris in 1924, where Hemingway family met Pauline Pfeiffer -->Hemingway had affair with Pfeiffer
 * Hadley and Hemingway divorced in 1926 (so he could marry Pfeiffer)
 * divorce settlement inspired the book, //The Sun Also Rises//
 * Hadley and Hemingway's relationship had lasted a little less than six years
 * Hadley married Paul Scott Mowrer on July 3, 1933

**Wife #2: Pauline Pfeiffer (1927-1940)**
http://www.siporcuba.it/pauline_pfeiffer_5.jpg
 * Born 1895 in Iowa; died October 1, 1951
 * Sister (Jinny) and her were daughters of wealthy parents (Arkansas landowner and banker); attended the Visitation Convent in St. Louis and had graduated from the University of Missouri
 * Was a wealthy fashion owner
 * Pfeiffer and Hemingway met at Paris home of a mutual friend (Kitty Cannell -- had invited Pfeiffer and her sister for drinks). Hemingway and Hadley were also invited (because he and Kitty's friend, Harold Loeb, were both about to be published, and were celebrating)
 * Pfeiffer had been working for the Paris edition of //Vogue// magazine at the time...
 * Joined Hemingway and wife in Schruns, Austria (Christmas Day, 1925) as Hemingway had offered to teach her how to ski; soon became attracted to each other
 * In March, Hemingway stopped in Paris on his way back to Schruns from New York and spent two days with Pfeiffer -->affair began
 * After divorce with Hadley, Hemingway and Pfeiffer married on May 10, 1927 (Paris)
 * Pfeiffer was unflagging in catering to all of Hemingway's wants. Eventually her ministrations were not enough to prevent the disintegration of their marriage in the late 1930s. (//Picturing Hemingway//)

**Wife #3: Martha Gellhorn (1940-1945)**
http://graphics8.nytimes.com/images/2006/08/27/books/gray450.jpg
 * Hemingway's third wife
 * Born 1908; died 1998
 * Nicknamed "Marty" (born in St. Louis)
 * was the daughter of Dr. George and Edna Gellhorn -- Dr. Gellhorn a well-known gynecologist in St. Louis...
 * graduated from John Burroughs School (St. Louis), attended Bryn Mawr for three years
 * was a journalist; held jobs with the //New Republic// and the //Hearst Times Union// (in Albany, NY). Afterward went to Paris and worked for //Vogue// magazine; freelanced for the //St. Louis Post-Dispatch//
 * wrote of Hemingway in her book //Travels With Myself and Another// (1978) -->the "another" is Hemingway, referred to as "U.C." (Unwilling Companion)
 * Met Hemingway in Key West in late Dec. 1936; married on Nov. 21, 1945
 * Was the unhappiest of Hemingway's four marriages, supposedly because he and Gellhorn competed as writers and journalists (both had covered the Spanish civil war)
 * Gellhorn was assigned by //Collier's// to go to China (1941) to cover China's war with Japan; Hemingway followed along and was noted to take away some of her spotlight... ( more info ?). ((After in 1944, after //Collier's// assigned Gellhorn to cover war in Europe, same editors had asked Hemingway to be their correspondent))
 * Unlike Pauline, Gellhorn was not willing to dedicate herself almost entirely to catering to Hemingway's wants. That unwillingness created difficulties practically from the start, and by the time Gellhorn divorced him in 1945, the marriage was long over.
 * Gellhorn sneaked onto hospital ship going to Omaha Beach on D-Day (1944); was cauth by Allied officers and sent back to England. Later went illegally to Italian front (she covered the Nuremberg trials and trail of Adolf Eichmann). Even went to Vietnam in 1966-67 and to Panama in 1989.
 * In 1953 married //Time// magazine editor Tom Matthews; divorced in early 1960s
 * " With //TO WHOM THE BELLS TOLL// (1940) Hemingway returned again in Spain. He dedicated to book to Gellhorn - Maria in the story was partly modelled after her. "Her hair was the golden brow of a grain field," Hemingway wrote of his heroine."
 * "[Stamberg]: They connected up in Spain during the Spanish Civil War. She married him in 1940. They got divorced in '45. Altogether, though, they were eight years in a relationship. It ended in large part because she was never around. [Ms. Moorehead]: Yes. I think there are sort of several great myths about that relationship. One of them, of course, is that it was unhappy from the very beginning, it was never a success. No, I think that's absolutely wrong. I think, from the letters, it is absolutely clear that for a while they really loved each other. And the other myth I think is that Hemingway was the monster and Martha was the faithful and loving wife. I don't think that she was that for a moment. I think she got fed up and she got fed up with his drinking and she was terribly impatient to get back to the war. She felt, sitting in Cuba doing nothing about the war, was not tolerable, and I think that's really why they drifted apart. (//Interview, Gale Database//)
 * "Hemingways's divorce from Gellhorn in 1945 was bitter. Later Gellhorn said that having 'lived with a mythomaniac, I know they believe everything they say, they are not conscious liars, they invent to increase everything about themselves and their lives and //believe// it.'" (//Interview, Gale Database//)

**Wife #4: Mary Welsh Hemingway (1946-1961)**

 * Hemingway's fourth wife
 * Born April 5, 1908 (Minnesota); died November 26, 1986 (NYC)
 * father was Tom Welsh, a Minnestoa logger who also ran a riverboat which took customers on Mississippi River. Mother war Adeline. a Christian Scientist
 * was only child; worker her way through three years as a journalism major at Northwestern University but dropped out to marry (the marriage had broken up after two years).
 * Welsh had gotten a job under Paul Mowrer as managing editor (Paul was the husband of Hadley since 1933, Ernest's first wife -->IRONY)
 * 1937, accepted position with London's //Daily mail//, married one of its reporters in 1938 (Noel Monks) -->marriage ended when she met Hemingway...
 * in 1940 was hired by //Time// magazine to be its London correspondent
 * Met Hemingway in London in 1944, introduced by mutual friend
 * Were married March 14, 1946 (in Cuba)
 * Next fifteen years she was manager of Hemingway's financial affairs, and had tried to keep under constant control of his drinking and depression problems
 * During last years (1950s) took care of him -->Hemingway's mind, at this time, was began to "deteriorate" and he twice attempted suicide before successfully managing it on July 2, 1961
 * Welsh wrote biography of Hemingway, //How It Was//, in 1986


 * SOURCES: **
 * ====="Ernest Hemingway." //Www.kirjasto.sci.fi//. Petri Liukkonen, Ari Pesonen, Kuusankosken Kirjasto. Web. 10 Mar. 2010. =====
 * =====  "Interview: Caroline Moorhead discusses her book on the life of Martha Gellhorn.(11:00 AM-12:00 Noon)(Broadcast transcript)." //Morning Edition// 6 Oct. 2003. //General OneFile//. Web. 15 Mar. 2010.   =====
 * ===== http://find.galegroup.com/gps/infomark.do?&contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T005&prodId=IPS&docId=A162128025&source=gale&srcprod=ITOF&userGroupName=va_p_freder_a&version=1.0 =====
 * =====**(Interview: Caroline Moorhead discusses her book on the life of Martha Gellhorn**.)=====
 * ===== Oliver, Charles M. //Ernest Hemingway A to Z: the Essential Reference to the Life and Work//. New York: Facts on File, 1999. Print. =====
 * "Picturing Hemingway: A Writer in His Time." //The National Portrait Gallery//. Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. Web. 17 Mar. 2010. 

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