Colleen+-+medical+advances

Try to have a direct quote with each body paragraph. Are you keeping track where your quotes & ideas come from for parenthetical citation later?

Outline: **THESIS**: Many challenges were faced by medical care in World War I because of the large amounts and variety of casualties. With the help of doctors and nurses, medicine advanced into faster and improved procedures to serve as examples in future wars. combine into one sentence, delete what is not a major part of your paper. Because of the extreme conditions in the war, medical services were forced to develop new procedures in order to become more efficient. -Learning experience for medical services

-Many casualties, intense warfare that the US hadn’t experienced=need for fast faced -Problems in the medical service because of the amount of soldiers dying at a rapid pace. Most soldiers needed to go into surgery right as soon as possible so it made it difficult for the doctors/nurses. Quick service was needed and the doctors and nurses were depended on Problems: Getting of the battlefield could take hours days, because priority safety was first given to ammunition, then reinforcements and then the wounded
 * Paragraph 1 **: __The difficulties of the war and the challenges that the medical care was faced with__

--more than 10,000 US Army nurses served overseas in France, Russia, Italy, China, England, Belgium, Germany, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico -102 nurses died because of illnesses -Women's position in the workforce changed and grew because of the conditions in the war. -Surgery=doctors -Regulations of Nurses and Doctors -Main procedures that they did each day
 * Paragraph 2 **: __The role of Doctors and Nurses and their Impact__

-Distance was a problem because they needed to help the wounded quickly if they had a change of surviving --Casualty Cleaning Station: surgery for major cases (because it took a long time to get there, traveling on horse or ambulance drivers, a lot of the times it resulted in infections because this was before penicillin) -More serious injuries were sent on trains, canals, to large base hospitals near the French coast or shipped to England -Created a system where each stop to medical posts were further and further away from the front to ensure the safety of the soldiers and nurses/doctors -"Advances in aviation, transport and specific medical treatments were among the positive legacies that emerged"
 * Paragraph 3 ** : __The Process of Moving Injured soldiers to hospitals,__ does this go along with your idea from paragraph 1?

-Included Morphia and other pain-killing drugs --Blood transfusion: risky, and first was ignored by surgeons -War helped start the importance of blood transfution and -Artificial limbs: -Spinal column injuries were most popular—from bomb fragments and bullets as well
 * Paragraph 4: ** __New Discoveries or inventions, advancements in Medicine/Treatment__ does this continue ideas from paragraph 2? 
 * Discoveries helped: 1914 sodium citrate prevented blood from clotting
 * Richard Lewisohn: safe concentration that citrated blood will be transfused
 * Were able to store blood: first Blood Depot
 * “ Between 1914 and 1921 over 41,000 men lost at least one limb as a result of their injuries, and this was in the British armed forces alone.”
 * <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">“ The limbs were generally made in on-site workshops owned by US manufacturers as they were better able to cope with the volume of production.”


 * <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Conclusion ** : Ultimately, the improvements of medical care helped to trigger more medical development for upcoming wars. with a little more detail, this seems a stronger thesis for your outline

(I might need to have more than one paragraph on the advancements in medicine, and move the paragraph 3 and 2 together…seeing how much information I end up having in the end) -more than 10,000 US Army nurses served overseas in France, Russia, Italy, China, England, Belgium, Germany, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico -102 nurses died because of illnesses -"they helped nurse the wounded, provide food and other supplies to the military, serve as telephone operators (the “Hello Girls”), entertain troops, and work as journalists" --> More than nurses -American Red Cross? -Women's position in the workforce changed and grew because of the conditions in the war. -->Taken a step forward, as prejudices decreases, women's oppurtunity to help in the war increased. They did the work that many thought that they were incapable of doing -Example of "total war" where everyone was involved, women faced the changes and difficulties
 * Women in WWI **

[] Regulations:
 * 6.- They will wear the washing uniform of their detachments at all times when on duty.**
 * 3.-They must be between 21 and 48 years of age for Home Service, and 23 and 42 for Foreign Service.**


 * Research vs Anaylsis:**
 * Research:
 * Facts: literature, writer, biography
 * Ideas: expert opinions, non-fiction

> The Usborne Introduction to the First World War: -Women risked their safety to ride on ambulaces or give first aid. even under enemy fire -Edith Cavell: wored at Red Cross hospital in German-occupied Brussels
 * Analysis
 * Facts: Literature quotes
 * Ideas: My opinion

-Problems in the medical service because of the amount of soldiers dying at a rapid pace. Most soldiers needed to go into surgery right as soon as possible so it made it difficult for the doctors/nurses. Quick service was needed and the doctors and nurses were depended on -Included Morphia and other pain-killing drugs, -Casualty Cleaning Station: surgery for major cases (because it took a long time to get there, traveling on horse or ambulance drivers, a lot of the times it resulted in infections because this was before penicillin) -More serious injuries were sent on trains, canals, to large base hospitals near the French coast or shipped to England -Created a system where each stop to medical posts were further and further away from the front to ensure the safety of the soldiers and nurses/doctors "Advances in aviation, transport and specific medical treatments were among the positive legacies that emerged"
 * Medicare:**
 * Problems: Getting of the battlefield could take hours days, because priority safety was first given to ammunition, then reinforcements and then the wounded



[] []

<span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The Usborne Introduction to the First World War: -Women risked their safety to ride on ambulaces or give first aid. even under enemy fire -Edith Cavell: wored at Red Cross hospital in German-occupied Brussels

-Problems in the medical service because of the amount of soldiers dying at a rapid pace. Most soldiers needed to go into surgery right as soon as possible so it made it difficult for the doctors/nurses. Quick service was needed and the doctors and nurses were depended on Problems: Getting of the battlefield could take hours days, because priority safety was first given to ammunition, then reinforcements and then the wounded -Included Morphia and other pain-killing drugs, -Casualty Cleaning Station: surgery for major cases (because it took a long time to get there, traveling on horse or ambulance drivers, a lot of the times it resulted in infections because this was before penicillin) -More serious injuries were sent on trains, canals, to large base hospitals near the French coast or shipped to England -Created a system where each stop to medical posts were further and further away from the front to ensure the safety of the soldiers and nurses/doctors "Advances in aviation, transport and specific medical treatments were among the positive legacies that emerged" -Medical profession were needed, thousands more staff was needed than previous wars
 * <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Medicare: **<span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">

[]

-A lot of the times men had to be carried in tens of thousands à <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">needed to be done in a fast pace -Most men were injured because of explosives “ artillery bombardments or random daily shelling”

__<span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Inventions/Improvements: __ <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">-Blood transfusion: risky, and first was ignored by surgeons <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">-War helped start the importance of blood transpurtion and -Artificial limbs: <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Discoveries helped: 1914 sodium citrate prevented blood from clotting
 * <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Richard Lewisohn: safe concentration that citrated blood will be transfused
 * <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Were able to store blood: first Blood Depot
 * <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">“ <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Between 1914 and 1921 over 41,000 men lost at least one limb as a result of their injuries, and this was in the British armed forces alone.”
 * <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">“ <span style="color: #666666; font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The limbs were generally made in on-site workshops owned by US manufacturers as they were better able to cope with the volume of production.”

-Spinal column injuries were most popular—from bomb fragments and bullets as well -Difficult because grease and dirt were accidently moved into the wounds during war -When huge parts of victims body are ripped out after being wounded, quick amputation is needed

__<span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Treatment: __ <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">-“Tannic-acid compresses must be left undisturbed for two or three weeks, until new skin forms. Victims of mustard gas must have their clothes carefully removed, must be "decontaminated" with soap, clean water and sodium bicarbonate, rubbed with a paste of bleaching powder and water, successful antidote for the oily gas.” -“Best treatment for wound shock, discovered in the last year of World War I: 1) small doses of morphine for relief of pain; 2) an abundance of blankets and hot water bottles to prevent chill; 3) plenty of warm, sweet tea to restore a proper water balance; 4) blood transfusion to avoid blood poisoning; 5) operation as soon as the patient comes out of shock.”

--Process, very difficult, many casualties à <span style="font-family: 'ArialMT','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">more brutal and intense warfare in WWI that the US hadn’t experienced=need for advancements in medical car. System was very important in moving the injured in time, with the help of the nurses and doctors. WWI challenged the procedures of doctors and the medical care of the war to improve. Helped to trigger more major medical development for other wars

The Experiences of WWI Books: -Wounded had to evacuated by stretchers and ambulances (replaced horsedrawn vehicles) to the mobile hospitals and then moving them by train (not the best conditions because they were many together and uncomfortable) -"Regimental medical officers gave first aid in improvised shelters but new methods were developed for transporting casualties, in successive stages, to increasingly sophisticated medical posts further from the front" --Advancements -moved in surgical groups to find 10% of casualties that needed surgery immediately and send them to base hospitals -Many soldiers were affected and wounded by shells (tisssue damage), "trench-foot" which is near frostbite, gases affected eyes and throae, burnt skin, and some contagious diseases such as body lice, trench fever -Experience helped to make advancements -Blood transfusions: immediate blood, x-ray equipment was used to locate bullets and shrapnel -Little could be done for shell shock -Organization was essential for a functional medical unit -Had to move wounded to casualty clearing station on stretcher bearers in mud "Said to have been yellow before the battle there, blood red after."

Conditions were bad -the "Spanish flu"started in spring of 1918 and peaked in June and July of 1918 -Mortality France: 166,000 died, Germany 225,330 died, Britain: 228,900 died, USa 550,000 died -Causes is unknown but many think because of the circumstances in the war/ harsh conditions in the front with poor health, impack of blockade, food shortages, -Treatment: useless anti-flu spray and vaccines did not work -"Soldiers had to carry on in the presence of countless bodies of dead men, some familiar, most anonymous" -Difference: Artillery fire -Because the battles would last months, the front didn't move as quickly and medical care weren't able to get in as quickly

Casualties: -"Over 70 million men were mobilized; thus over one in eight of those who served was killed or died in active service" -"What made the landscape of destruction in WWI such an enduring feature in popular memory was the millions of men were forced to live in it, at times under it, for years"

Treatment/Advancements: -Had anestheitcs to use for surgery unlike in earlier wars -Because of the developments of weapons, -->created worse types of wouds and amounts -Wounded evaculated to base hopsitals or if condition was worse, they were send home

World War I (Green Book): -"One and three casualties died" -Trench foot treatment: purifying water with chlorine, fumignating clothes, and regular bathing during rotations out of line -Injections: used for tetanus
 * "Dakin's solutions antiseptic fluid: for gas infections

-Shellfire wounds needed to be treated quickly or could be fatal -Steps: regimental first aid posts, dressing stasions behind the front line, furthur to casualty clearing stations, stationary base hopitals -1917: Casualty clearing stations were made into proper hospitals with large amount of surgeons -Surgeons, specialists, doctors, and nursing worked together and accumulated ideas to create a successful process -Used amputation tools because they did not have antibiotics creating infection (foreceps, clamps, scalpels, and saws) -Involved a lot of waiting: time to get out of range of enemy-->germs -

-Emphasis: place words in the beginning or the end of a sentence -Strong Active Verbs create action -ing verbs can be weak, simple present or the past
 * TIPS**

Read more: [] ” this is a print souce, but from a popular magazine, not a scholarly article. Do you have other print sources too?

http://www.vlib.us/medical/transfusion/Index.htm http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/rehabmed/historical/chap2.html#ww1